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The discovery of an expanded (GGGGCC)n repeat (termed G4C2) within the first intron of  C9orf72  in familial ALS/FTD has led to a number of studies showing that the aberrant expression of G4C2 RNA can produce toxic dipeptides through repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN-) translation. To reveal canonical translation factors that impact this process, an unbiased loss-of-function screen was performed in a G4C2 fly model that maintained the upstream intronic sequence of the human gene and contained a GFP tag in the GR reading frame. 11 of 48 translation factors were identified that impact production of the GR-GFP protein. Further investigations into two of these,  eIF4B  and  eIF4H , revealed that downregulation of these factors reduced toxicity caused by the expression of expanded G4C2 and reduced production of toxic GR dipeptides from G4C2 transcripts. In patient-derived cells and in post-mortem tissue from ALS/FTD patients,  eIF4H  was found to be downregulated in cases harboring the G4C2 mutation compared to patients lacking the mutation and healthy individuals. Overall, these data define  eIF4B  and  eIF4H  as disease modifiers whose activity is important for RAN-translation of the GR peptide from G4C2-transcripts.   Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s40478-019-0711-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

eIF4B and eIF4H mediate GR production from expanded G4C2 in a Drosophila model for C9orf72-associated ALS