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In the setting of stroke, ischemia-related blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction aggravates the cerebral edema, which critically impacts on the clinical outcome. Further, an impaired vascular integrity is associated with the risk of intracranial bleeding, especially after therapeutic recanalization. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate early vascular alterations from 30 min to 4 h after experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice. Here, an extravasation of the permeability marker FITC-albumin was detectable in animals 2 and 4 h after MCAO. Thereby, BBB breakdown correlated with alterations of the endothelial surface, indicated by a discontinuous isolectin-B4 staining, while tight junction strands remained detectable using electron and immunofluorescence microscopy. Noteworthy, already 30 min after MCAO, up to 60% of the ischemia-affected vessels showed an endothelial edema, paralleled by edematous astrocytic endfeet, clearly preceding FITC-albumin extravasation. With increasing ischemic periods, scores of vascular damage significantly increased with up to 60% of the striatal vessels showing loss of endothelial integrity. Remarkably, comparison of permanent and transient ischemia did not provide significant differences 4 h after ischemia induction. As these degenerations also involved penumbral areas of potentially salvageable tissue, adjuvant approaches of endothelial protection may help to reduce the vasogenic edema after ischemic stroke.   Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s40478-019-0671-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Endothelial edema precedes blood-brain barrier breakdown in early time points after experimental focal cerebral ischemia