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Prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders which are caused by an accumulation of the abnormal, misfolded prion protein known as scrapie prion protein (PrP Sc ). These disorders are unique as they occur as sporadic, genetic and acquired forms. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is the most common human prion disease, accounting for approximately 85–90% of cases, whereas autosomal dominant genetic forms, due to mutations in the prion protein gene ( PRNP ), account for 10–15% of cases. Genetic forms show a striking variability in their clinical and neuropathological picture and can sometimes mimic other neurodegenerative diseases.  We report a novel  PRNP  mutation (V189I) in four CJD patients from three unrelated pedigrees. In three patients, the clinical features were typical for CJD and the diagnosis was pathologically confirmed, while the fourth patient presented with a complex phenotype including rapidly progressive dementia, behavioral abnormalities, ataxia and extrapyramidal features, and the diagnosis was probable CJD by current criteria, on the basis of PrP Sc  detection in CSF by Real Time Quaking-Induced Conversion assay. In all the three patients with autopsy findings, the neuropathological analysis revealed diffuse synaptic type deposition of proteinase K-resistant prion protein (PrP res ), and type 1 PrP res  was identified in the brain by western blot analysis. So, the histopathological and biochemical profile associated with the V189I mutation was indistinguishable from the MM1/MV1 subtype of sporadic CJD.  Our findings support a pathogenic role for the V189I  PRNP  variant, confirm the heterogeneity of the clinical phenotypes associated to  PRNP  mutations and highlight the importance of PrP Sc  detection assays as diagnostic tools to unveil prion diseases presenting with atypical phenotypes.   Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s40478-018-0656-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Clinical and neuropathological phenotype associated with the novel V189I mutation in the prion protein gene