English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Background  Loxoscelism is a severe human envenomation caused by  Loxosceles  spider venom. To the best of our knowledge, no study has evaluated the presence of antibodies against  Loxosceles  venom in loxoscelism patients without treatment with antivenom immunotherapy. We perform a comparative analysis for the presence of antibodies capable of recognizing  Loxosceles  venom in a group of patients diagnosed with loxoscelism and in a group of people without loxoscelism.    Methods  The detection of  L. laeta  venom,  Sicarius  venom and recombinant phospholipases D from  Loxosceles  (PLDs) in sera from people with loxoscelism (Group 1) and from healthy people with no history of loxoscelism (Group 2) was evaluated using immuno-dot blot, indirect ELISA, and Western blot.    Results  We found naturally heterophilic antibodies (IgG-type) in people without contact with  Loxosceles  spiders or any clinical history of loxoscelism. Either serum pools or single sera from Group 1 and Group 2 analyzed by dot blot tested positive for  L. laeta  venom. Indirect ELISA for venom recognition showed titles of 1:320 for Group 1 sera and 1:160 for Group 2 sera. Total IgG quantification showed no difference in sera from both groups. Pooled sera and purified IgG from sera of both groups revealed venom proteins between 25 and 32 kDa and the recombinant phospholipase D isoform 1 (rLlPLD1), specifically. Moreover, heterophile antibodies cross-react with PLDs from other  Loxosceles  species and the venom of  Sicarius  spider.    Conclusions  People without contact with the spider venom produced heterophilic antibodies capable of generating a cross-reaction against the venom of  L. laeta  and  Sicarius  spiders. Their presence and possible interference should be considered in the development of immunoassays for  Loxosceles  venom detection.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s40409-018-0155-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

the journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases

Heterophilic antibodies in sera from individuals without loxoscelism cross-react with phospholipase D from the venom of Loxosceles and Sicarius spiders