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Background  Little is known about associations of psychological and mental well-being with cognitive and socioemotional factors in low and middle-income countries, particularly among vulnerable populations born in adverse environments that may restrict developmental potential. This study aimed to examine the cognitive and socioemotional correlates of psychological well-being and mental health in a cohort of Guatemalan adults born in contexts of poverty and malnutrition.    Methods  From Dec 2017 to Apr 2019, data were collected from 704 women and 564 men ages 40–57 years living in four rural villages in eastern Guatemala and Guatemala City. We measured latent domains of psychological well-being, spirituality and religion, emotional support, and executive function using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Under a Structural Equation Modeling framework, we examined intercorrelations among latent domains and observed measures of intelligence and mental health.    Results  CFA supported the construct validity of factor structures in this population. Correlations of psychological well-being with spirituality and religion were moderate in women ( r  = 0.68,  p  < 0.001) and men ( r  = 0.70,  p  < 0.001). Executive function was weakly correlated with psychological well-being in men ( r  = 0.23,  p  < 0.001) and showed no association in women. Correlations of psychological well-being with emotional support and IQ were weak in women ( r  = 0.34, and  r  = 0.15, respectively;  p  < 0.001 for both) and men ( r  = 0.35, and  r  = 0.25, respectively;  p  < 0.001 for both). Mental health and IQ were weakly correlated in men ( r  = 0.09,  p  < 0.05) and showed no association in women. Mental health showed weak correlations with emotional support ( r  = 0.18,  p  < 0.001 in women;  r  = 0.09,  p  < 0.05 in men), psychological well-being ( r  = 0.32 and  r  = 0.35, in women and men respectively;  p  < 0.001 for both) and showed no association with executive function in both sexes.    Conclusions  Of all examined factors, spirituality and religion made the greatest contribution to psychological well-being. These findings support the notion that in populations experiencing difficult circumstances, religion can perhaps make a greater contribution to well-being and aid coping. More research is needed to examine mediators of this association.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40359-021-00654-y.

Cognitive and socio-emotional correlates of psychological well-being and mental health in Guatemalan adults