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Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) are able to endure drastic seasonal variations in ambient temperature. Many endotherms in these conditions utilize heterothermy (e.g., torpor) to conserve energy by adjusting their body temperatures according to changing environmental conditions. Previous research shows that cardinals reduce energy expenditure during winter nights. By examining whole-animal function, we asked whether this reduced metabolism was a result of decreased activity or an induced state of torpor. We measured body mass, percent fat content, metabolic rate (\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\)) across a range of ambient temperatures and body temperature (T b) using data loggers during both summer (August to early September) and winter (December to January) conditions. We hypothesized that: (a) daily winter Tb fluctuations would reveal an induced torpor, and (b) alterations of insulation would play a significant role in thermoregulation.

Energy savings due to the use of shallow body temperature reduction in overwintering Northern Cardinals