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Background  Despite the ubiquity of polyparasitism, its health impacts have been inadequately studied. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and determinants of polyparasitism with  Schistosom a  haematobium ,  Plasmodium  and soil-transmitted helminths (STH) following sustained control measures, as well as evaluate the outcomes and clinical correlates of infection in school-aged children (SAC) living in the schistosomiasis endemic focus of Muyuka-Cameroon.    Methods  In a cross-sectional study, urine, blood and stool samples were each collected from SAC (4–14 years) selected at random between March and June 2015. Microhaematuria in urine was detected using reagent strip and  S. haematobium  ova by filtration/microscopy methods.  Plasmodium  was detected using Giemsa-stained blood films and complete blood count was obtained using an auto-haematology analyser. STH in stool was detected by the Kato-Katz method. Categorical and continuous variables were compared as required, Kappa value estimated and the adjusted odds ratio (a OR ) in the multivariate analysis was used to evaluate association of the risk factors with infection.    Results  Out of the 638 SAC examined, single infection was prevalent in 33.4% while polyparasitism was 19.9%. Prevalence of  S. haematobium  +  Plasmodium  was 7.8%;  S. haematobium  + STH was 0.8%;  Plasmodium  + STH was 0.8%; while  S. haematobium  +  Plasmodium  + STH was 0.9%. Higher preponderance of  S. haematobium  +  Plasmodium  infection occurred in females, those from Likoko, did not use potable water, practiced bathing in stream and carried out open defecation than their equivalents. However, being female (a OR  = 2.38,  P  = 0.009) was the only significant risk factor identified. Anaemia was a common morbidity (74.3%) with a slight agreement with microscopy in predicting  S. haematobium  and  Plasmodium  infections. The sensitivity and specificity of haematuria (13.0%) in predicting  S. haematobium  infection was 46.5% and 100% with a moderate agreement with microscopy. Co-infection with  S. haematobium  and malaria parasite was significantly associated with threefold odds of history of fever in the last three days.    Conclusions  Polyparasitism is a public health problem in Muyuka with females most at risk. Anaemia prevalence is exacerbated in co- and triple-infections and together with a history of fever are of value in predicting polyparasitism.

infectious diseases of poverty

Polyparasitism with Schistosoma haematobium, Plasmodium and soil-transmitted helminths in school-aged children in Muyuka–Cameroon following implementation of control measures: a cross sectional study