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Background  In the Republic of Congo, with two massive outbreaks of chikungunya observed this decade, little is known about the insecticide resistance profile of the two major arbovirus vectors  Aedes aegypti  and  Aedes albopictus . Here, we established the resistance profile of both species to insecticides and explored the resistance mechanisms to help Congo to better prepare for future outbreaks.    Methods  Immature stages of  Ae. aegypti  and  Ae. albopictus  were sampled in May 2017 in eight cities of the Republic of the Congo and reared to adult stage. Larval and adult bioassays, and synergist (piperonyl butoxide [PBO]) assays were carried out according to WHO guidelines. F1534C mutation was genotyped in field collected adults in both species and the polymorphism of the sodium channel gene assessed in  Ae. aegypti .    Results  All tested populations were susceptible to temephos after larval bioassays. A high resistance level was observed to 4% DDT in both species countrywide (21.9–88.3% mortality). All but one population ( Ae. aegypti  from Ngo) exhibited resistance to type I pyrethroid, permethrin, but showed a full susceptibility to type II pyrethroid (deltamethrin) in almost all locations. Resistance was also reported to 1% propoxur in  Ae. aegypti  likewise in two  Ae. albopictus  populations (Owando and Ouesso), and the remaining were fully susceptible. All populations of both species were fully susceptible to 1% fenitrothion. A full recovery of susceptibility was observed in  Ae. aegypti  and  Ae. albopictus  when pre-exposed to PBO and then to propoxur and permethrin respectively. The F1534C  kdr  mutation was not detected in either species. The high genetic variability of the portion of sodium channel spanning the F1534C in  Ae. aegypti  further supported that knockdown resistance probably play no role in the permethrin resistance.    Conclusions  Our study showed that both  Aedes  species were susceptible to organophosphates (temephos and fenitrothion), while for other insecticide classes tested the profile of resistance vary according to the population origin. These findings could help to implement better and efficient strategies to control these species in the Congo in the advent of future arbovirus outbreaks.

infectious diseases of poverty

Contrasting resistance patterns to type I and II pyrethroids in two major arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the Republic of the Congo, Central Africa