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Background  Brazil has seen a great decline in malaria and the country is moving towards elimination. However, for eventual elimination, the control program needs efficient tools in order to monitor malaria exposure and transmission. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether seroprevalence to the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is a good tool for monitoring the exposure to and/or evaluating the burden and distribution of  Plasmodium  species in the Brazilian Amazon.    Methods  Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in a rural area of Porto Velho, Rondônia state. Parasite infection was detected by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction. Antibodies to the sporozoite CSP repeats of  Plasmodium vivax ,  P. falciparum , and  P. malariae  (PvCS, PfCS, and PmCS) were detected using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1 and DQB1 genes were typed using Luminex® xMAP® technology.    Results  The prevalence of immunoglobulin G against  P. vivax  CSP peptide (62%) was higher than  P. falciparum  (49%) and  P. malariae  (46%) CSP peptide. Most of the studied individuals had antibodies to at least one of the three peptides (72%) ,  34% had antibodies to all three peptides and 28% were non-responders. Although the majority of the population was not infected at the time of the survey, 74.3% of parasite-negative individuals had antibodies to at least one of the CSPs. Importantly, among individuals carrying the haplotypes DRB1*04~DQB1*03, there was a significantly higher frequency of PfCS responders, and DRB1*16~DQB1*03 haplotype for PvCS and PfCS responders. In contrast, HLA-DRB1*01 and HLA-DQB1*05 allelic groups were associated with a lack of antibodies to  P. vivax  and  P. falciparum  CSP repeats, and the haplotype DRB1*01~DQB1*05 was also associated with non-responders, including non-responders to  P. malariae .    Conclusions  Our results show that in low transmission settings, naturally acquired antibody responses against the CSP repeats of  P. vivax ,  P. falciparum , and  P. malariae  in a single cross-sectional study may not represent a valuable marker for monitoring recent malaria exposure, especially in an area with a high prevalence of  P. vivax . Furthermore, HLA class II molecules play an important role in antibody response and require further study with a larger sample size. It will be of interest to consider HLA analysis when using serosurveillance to monitor malaria exposure among genetically diverse populations.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-018-0428-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Evaluating seroprevalence to circumsporozoite protein to estimate exposure to three species of Plasmodium in the Brazilian Amazon