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Background  Brucellosis was a common human and livestock disease caused by  Brucella  strains, the category B priority pathogens by the US Center for Disease Control (CDC). Identified as a priority disease in human and livestock populations, the increasing incidence in recent years in China needs urgent control measures for this disease but the molecular background important for monitoring the epidemiology of  Brucella  strains at the national level is still lacking.    Methods  A total of 600  Brucella  isolates collected during 60 years (from 1953 to 2013) in China were genotyped by multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and the variation degree of MLVA11 loci was calculated by the Hunter Gaston Diversity Index (HGDI) values. The charts and map were processed by Excel 2013, and cluster analysis and epidemiological distribution was performed using BioNumerics (version 5.1).    Results  The 600 representative  Brucella  isolates fell into 104 genotypes with 58 singleton genotypes by the MLVA11 assay, including  B. melitensis  biovars 2 and 3 (five main genotypes),  B. abortus  biovars 1 and 3 (two main genotypes),  B. suis  biovars 1 and 3 (three main genotypes), and  B. canis  (two main genotypes) respectively. While most  B. suis  biovar 1 and biovar 3 were respectively found in northern provinces and southern provinces,  B. melitensis  and  B. abortus  strains were dominant in China. Canine Brucellosis was only found in animals without any human cases reported. Eight Brucellosis epidemic peaks emerged during the 60 years between 1953 and 2013: 1955 – 1959, 1962 – 1969, 1971 – 1975, 1977 – 1983, 1985 – 1989, 1992 – 1997, 2000 – 2008 and 2010 – 2013 in China.    Conclusions  Brucellosis has its unique molecular epidemiological patterns with specific spatial and temporal distribution according to MLVA.    Trial registration  IDOP-D-16-00101.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-017-0296-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis of Chinese Brucella strains isolated from 1953 to 2013