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Background  Leishmaniasis causes alterations and lesions in the genital system, which leads to azoospermia and testicular atrophy in animals during the chronic phase of the infection. The aim of this study was to reveal the kinetics of  Leishmania chagasi  infection in the genital system of male golden hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus ).    Methods  Animals were intraperitoneally inoculated with amastigotes from  L. chagasi . At different time points animals were euthanized and genital organs processed for histo-pathological, qPCR, cytokines and testosterone detection assays.    Results  Our results showed a high parasite load in testis, followed by an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1-β, TNF-α and IFN-γ, and testosterone. Subsequently, IL-4 expression was upregulated and basal parasite persistence in testis was observed using the experimental approach.    Conclusion  Extracellular amastigotes migrated to the epididymis posing as a potential major factor of parasite persistence and venereal transmission of  L. chagasi  infection in hamsters.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-016-0122-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Revealing the kinetics of Leishmania chagasi infection in the male genital system of hamsters