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Background  The positive matrix factorization is a powerful environmental analysis technique which has been successfully utilized to assess air-born particulate matter source contribution. The new version of this model (PMF5) has two additional estimation error methods and some other useful advantages compared to the previous versions. In the present study, the capability of PMF5 for identification and contribution of small size particle source to the ambient particulate matter was evaluated.    Methods  The study area is surrounded by three industrial complexes and 2 locations of dumped tailing soils of mining activities and related manufactures. Ambient particulate matter were sampled at 2 sites in the urban area of Zanjan (Iran) and 196 collected samples were analyzed for 15 chemical elements.    Results  At downtown, the identified factors (and their contributions to particulate matter) were: soil particles (40.36%), fuel combustion and traffic (26.8%), tailing soils (lead and zinc) (21.32%), and nickel and industrial emission(5.7%). The identified factors at residential site of studied area (and their contributions to particulate matter) were general industrial emission (28.2%), tailing soils (lead and zinc) (39.2%), soil (25.8%), cadmium and general pollutants (6.7%).    Conclusion  The results of modeled data by PMF 5 indicated that the applied model could identify the dumps of tailing soils as a separated factor. The other particulate matter sources in the studied area were traffic, fuel combustion, soil particles and industrial pollutants.

Contribution of point and small-scaled sources to the PM10 emission using positive matrix factorization model