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Background This study investigated a novel in ovo feeding strategy to determine the prebiotic effects of xylo- and mannan- oligosaccharides (XOS and MOS) differing in the degree of polymerization. A total of 192 fertilized eggs were divided into 6 treatment groups: i) normal saline control (NSC), ii) xylotriose (XOS3), iii) xylotetraose (XOS4), iv) mannotriose (MOS3), v) mannotetraose (MOS4), and vi) no injection control (NIC), each containing 4 replicate trays with 8 eggs per replicate. On d 17 of incubation, 3 mg of oligosaccharides (except for controls) dissolved in 0.5 mL of 0.85% normal saline were injected into the amnion of Cobb 500 broilers eggs. After hatch, the chicks were raised for 28 d under standard husbandry practices and were fed a commercial broilers diet ad libitum ,  and samples were collected periodically. Results The hatchability, growth performance, and relative weights of breast, drumstick, liver, and proventriculus were not different among the treatments ( P  &gt; 0.05). The XOS3 injection increased the total short-chain fatty acid production at d 28 compared with both control groups ( P    0.05). On the hatch day, the expression level of the  CD3  gene (a T cell marker) was increased by XOS3, while the  IL-10  gene (a marker of anti-inflammatory cytokine) was reduced by MOS4 ( P    0.05), except XOS4 increased  IL-4  compared with NSC ( P  &lt; 0.05). The broilers in the MOS4 group had higher operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and had more differentially abundant taxa, including order Lactobacillales and family Leuconostocaceae ( P  &lt; 0.05) than both controls on d 28. The predictive functional profiling indicated that the linoleic acid metabolism pathway was enriched in the cecal microbiota of the XOS3 group compared with both controls ( P  &lt; 0.05). Conclusion The effects of these XOS and MOS on ileal mucosa and immunity are transient, but the effects on fermentation and cecal microbiota are prolonged, and further research is warranted to determine their use as a gut health promoter in poultry.

journal of animal science and biotechnology/journal of animal science and biotechnology

Effects of in ovo delivered xylo- and mannan- oligosaccharides on growth performance, intestinal immunity, cecal short-chain fatty acids, and cecal microbiota of broilers