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Background  The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of vitamin K (VK) supplementation on bone health of laying hens challenged by  Salmonella  Enteritidis.    Methods  A total of 80 32-week-old double negative  salmonella -free brown-egg laying hens were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 20 replicates each (1 bird per replicate) according to a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 dietary VK supplementation levels [0 mg/kg (VK0) vs 2 mg/kg VK (VK2) and 2 challenge treatments [ Salmonella  Enteritidis (SE) vs physiological saline solution (PS)]. During the last 3 days of week 43 of age, birds of both VK treatments were either orally challenged with 1.0 mL suspension of 10 9  cfu/mL  S.  Enteritidis daily or received the same volume of PS.    Results  The laying rate, daily egg mass, tibia strength, CT, cOC and cOC/(cOC + ucOC) of VK2 treatment increased ( P  < 0.05) in contrast to VK0, however, the medullary area and ucOC of VK2 treatment decreased ( P  < 0.05) in contrast to VK0. Mortality, medullary area, serum Ca content of SE treatments increased ( P  < 0.05) in contrast to PS treatments. In both SE treatments, the decrease ( P  < 0.05) in birds’ tibia strength was associated with higher ( P  < 0.05) Ca levels in serum. There is an interaction ( P  < 0.05) between SE challenge and VK levels with regard to tibia strength and serum Ca levels. At week 42, serum CT was positively correlated with cOC (R = 0.99,  P  = 0.009); at week 44, tibia strength was positively correlated with BMD (R = 0.95,  P  = 0.045), but negatively correlated with medullary area (R = − 0.98,  P  = 0.018).    Conclusions  VK (2 mg/kg) supplementation to diets of laying hens can enhance bone strength under challenge situations with  Salmonella  Enteritidis. Medullary area has proven to be a sensitive biomarker for bone calcium loss caused by SE infection.

Vitamin K alleviates bone calcium loss caused by Salmonella Enteritidis through carboxylation of osteocalcin