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Background   NANOG  is a core transcription factor (TF) in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and primordial germ cells (PGCs). Regulation of the  NANOG  gene by TFs, epigenetic factors, and autoregulatory factors is well characterized in ESCs, and transcriptional regulation of  NANOG  is well established in these cells. Although  NANOG  plays a key role in germ cells, the molecular mechanism underlying its transcriptional regulation in PGCs has not been studied. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism that regulates transcription of the chicken  NANOG  ( cNANOG)  gene in PGCs and ESCs.    Results  We first identified the transcription start site of  cNANOG  by 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR analysis. Then, we measured the promoter activity of various 5′ flanking regions of  cNANOG  in chicken PGCs and ESCs using the luciferase reporter assay.  cNANOG  expression required transcriptional regulatory elements, which were positively regulated by  POU5F3  ( OCT4)  and  SOX2  and negatively regulated by  TP53  in PGCs. The proximal region of the  cNANOG  promoter contains a positive transcriptional regulatory element (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein ( CEBP )-binding site) in ESCs. Furthermore, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown demonstrated that  POU5F3 ,  SOX2 , and  CEBP  played a role in cell type-specific transcription of  cNANOG .    Conclusions  We show for the first time that different  trans -regulatory elements control transcription of  cNANOG  in a cell type-specific manner. This finding might help to elucidate the mechanism that regulates  cNANOG  expression in PGCs and ESCs.

Differential transcriptional regulation of the NANOG gene in chicken primordial germ cells and embryonic stem cells