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Background  The aim of this study was to investigate the intergeneric transfer of vancomycin resistance gene  vanA  between probiotic enterococci in the fermentation progress of soybean meal and in the digestive tract of growing pigs. One  vanA  genotype vancomycin resistant  E. faecium  strain, E fm 4, and one chloramphenicol-resistant  E. faecalis  strain, E fs 2, were isolated from twenty-nine probiotic basis feed material / additive samples. For  in vitro  conjugation, E fm 4 and E fs 2 were used as starter to ferment soybean meal. For  in vivo  conjugation, thirty growing pigs were randomly assigned to five groups ( n  = 6), treated with a basic diet, or supplemented with 10% fermented soybean meal, 1% E fm 4, 5% E fs 2 or a combination of 1% E fm 4 + 5% E fs 2 for 7 d, respectively. Fecal samples of pigs in each group were collected daily for the isolation and dynamic analysis of E fm 4, E fs 2 and transconjugants. The sequence types (STs) of E fm 4, E fs 2 and transconjugants were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The  vanA  harboring plasmid in E fm 4 and transconjugants was analyzed by S1-pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and further verified by multiple alignments.    Results  The results showed that, in FSBM, transconjugants were detected 1 h after the fermentation, with a conjugation frequency of ~ 10 − 3  transconjugants / recipient. Transconjugants proliferated with E fm 4 and E fs 2 in the first 8 h and maintained steadily for 10 d till the end of the experiment. Additionally,  in vivo  experiment showed that transcojugants were recovered in one of six pigs in both FSBM and E fm 4 + E fs 2 groups, with conjugation frequency of ~ 10 − 5  and ~ 10 − 4 , respectively. MLST revealed the ST of E fm 4, E fs 2 and transconjugants was ST1014, ST69 and ST69, respectively. S1-PFGE confirmed the existence of the  vanA -harboring, 142,988-bp plasmid, which was also a multi-drug resistant plasmid containing  Tn1546 -like transposon.    Conclusions  The findings revealed the potential safety hazard existing in the commercial probiotic enterococci in China, because the horizontal transfer from farm to fork could potentially pose a safety risk to the public.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-019-0341-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

journal of animal science and biotechnology/journal of animal science and biotechnology

Horizontal transfer of vanA between probiotic Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis in fermented soybean meal and in digestive tract of growing pigs