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Background  Liver has important immune function during fetal development and after birth. However, the effect of maternal malnutrition on immune function of the fetal liver is rarely reported. In this study, twelve pregnant goats (Xiangdong black goat, at d 45 of gestation) were assigned to the control group (fed 100% of nutritional requirements) and the restriction group (fed 60% of the intake of the control group) during gestation from d 55 to 100. Fetal goats were harvested at d 100 of gestation and immune indexes and amino acid profiles of the umbilical cord blood and liver Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling pathways were measured.    Results  Maternal body weight in the restriction group was lower than the control group ( P  < 0.05). Maternal feed intake restriction decreased ( P <  0.05) heart weight, heart index, alkaline phosphatase and serum amyloid protein A in the umbilical cord blood (UCB). Moreover, only histidine was decreased in the restricted group ( P  = 0.084), and there were no differences in other amino acids contents in the UCB between the two groups ( P  > 0.05). The  TLR2  and  TLR4  mRNA expression in the fetal liver in the restriction group was greater ( P <  0.05) than that in the control group. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 ( MyD88 ), TNF receptor associated factor 6, nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1, NFKB inhibitor alpha,  IFN-β ,  TGF-β ,  TNF-α  and  IL-1β  in the restricted group were upregulated ( P <  0.05), and the expression of  TLR3  ( P =  0.099) tended to be higher in the restricted group. However, protein levels of TLR2, TLR4, IκBα, phosphorylated IκBα, phosphorylated IκBα/total IκBα, TRIF and MyD88 were not affected ( P >  0.05) by maternal intake restriction.    Conclusions  These results revealed that the restriction of maternal feed intake influenced the development of heart and hepatic protein synthesis at the acute phase of fetal goats and upregulated the mRNA expression of genes involved in MyD88-dependent signaling pathways and of target cytokines.

journal of animal science and biotechnology/journal of animal science and biotechnology

Effects of restrictions on maternal feed intake on the immune indexes of umbilical cord blood and liver Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in fetal goats during pregnancy