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Background  Pork produced by outdoor-reared pigs raised mostly on alfalfa pastures attracts increasing population of consumer from most of the world. In China, pigs were raised with alfalfa-containing diets to seek for good quality pork. However, the influence of dietary alfalfa involving high level of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) on pig intestinal luminal microbiota composition remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of alfalfa on luminal microbiota and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) production, and gene expressions involved in SCFA sensing, transporting and absorbing in pig caecal mucosa.    Results  Twenty-four growing pigs were randomly allotted to four diets containing 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% alfalfa meal for a 28-d experiment. Ingestion of alfalfa meal-contained diets significantly increased the ratio of body weight gain to feed consumption. Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the V3 region of the 16S rRNA genes showed that alfalfa-containing diet significantly decreased the relative abundance of genera  Turicibacter ,  Acidiphilium ,  Paracoccus ,  Propionibacterium ,  Corynebacterium ,  Pseudomonas ,  Acinetobacter , and  Staphylococcus , and increased the relative abundance of genera  Lachnospira ,  Marvinbryantia , and  Desulfovibrio  in the caecal digesta. Butyrate concentration was significantly increased in the hindgut by the supplementation of alfalfa meal in diets. The mRNA gene expressions of  FFAR3 ,  SMCT1 ,  MCT1 ,  PYY , and  GCG  were significantly increased in the caecal mucosa of pigs fed alfalfa meal.    Conclusions  Our results suggested that alfalfa-containing diet has exerted significant impacts on caecal microbiota composition, butyrate concentration and significantly upregulated mRNA expression of host caecal mucosal genes involved in SCFA sensing and absorption as well as regulation of satiety.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-017-0216-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Alfalfa-containing diets alter luminal microbiota structure and short chain fatty acid sensing in the caecal mucosa of pigs