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Background  This study evaluated the impact of hormonal modulation at the onset of proestrus on ovarian response and uterine gene expression of beef cows.    Methods  A total of 172 anestrous beef cows were assigned to one of four groups according to the treatment with estradiol cypionate (ECP) and/or equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) [CON ( n  = 43), ECP (n = 43), eCG ( n  = 44) and ECP + eCG ( n  = 42)].    Results  ECP-treated cows (ECP and ECP + eCG groups) presented greater occurrence of estrus (44.6% vs. 65.4%;  P  = 0.01) and pregnancy per AI [47.1% vs. 33.3%;  P  = 0.07], but similar progesterone (P4) concentration at subsequent diestrus than cows not treated with ECP (CON and eCG groups). Nonetheless, eCG-treated cows (eCG and ECP + eCG groups) presented larger follicle at timed AI (12.6 ± 0.3 vs. 13.5 ± 0.3 mm;  P  = 0.03), greater ovulation rate (96.5% vs. 82.6%;  P  = 0.008) and greater P4 concentration at d 6 (3.9 ± 0.2 vs. 4.8 ± 0.2 ng/mL;  P  = 0.001) than cows not treated with eCG (CON and ECP groups). Next, cows with a new corpus luteum 6 d after TAI were submitted to uterine biopsy procedure. Uterine fragments [CON ( n  = 6), ECP (n = 6)] were analyzed by RNA-Seq and a total of 135 transcripts were differentially expressed between groups (73 genes up-regulated by ECP treatment). Subsequently, uterine samples were analyzed by qPCR (genes associated with cell proliferation). ECP treatment induced greater abundance of  PTCH2  ( P  = 0.07) and  COL4A1  ( P  = 0.02), whereas suppressed  EGFR  ( P  = 0.09) expression. Conversely, eCG treatment increased abundance of  HB-EGF  ( P  = 0.06),  ESR2  ( P  = 0.09), and  ITGB3  ( P  = 0.05), whereas it reduced transcription of  ESR1  ( P  = 0.05). Collectively, supplementation with ECP or eCG at the onset of proestrous of anestrous beef cows influenced ovarian responses, global and specific endometrial gene expression.Conclusion  Proestrus estradiol regulate the endometrial transcriptome, particularly stimulating proliferative activity in the endometrium.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-017-0211-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Impact of hormonal modulation at proestrus on ovarian responses and uterine gene expression of suckled anestrous beef cows