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Background  It is well known that feeding a high concentrate (HC) diet to lactating ruminants likely induces subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) and leads to a decrease in milk fat production. However, the effects of feeding a HC diet for long periods on milk fatty acids composition and the mechanism behind the decline of milk fat still remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of feeding a HC diet to lactating dairy goats on milk fat yield and fatty acids composition with an emphasis on the mechanisms underlying the milk fat depression. Seventeen mid-lactating dairy goats were randomly allocated to three groups. The control treatment was fed a low-concentrate diet (35% concentrate,  n  = 5, LC) and there were two high-concentrate treatments (65% concentrate, HC), one fed a high concentrate diet for a long period (19 wks,  n  = 7, HL); one fed a high concentrate diet for a short period of time (4 wk,  n  = 5, HS). Milk fat production and fatty acids profiles were measured. In order to investigate the mechanisms underlying the changes in milk fat production and composition, the gene expression involved in lipid metabolism and DNA methylation in the mammary gland were also analyzed.    Results  Milk production was increased by feeding the HC diet in the HS and HL groups compared with the LC diet ( P  < 0.01), while the percentage of milk fat was lower in the HL ( P  < 0.05) but not in the HS group. The total amount of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in the milk was not changed by feeding the HC diet, whereas the levels of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were markedly decreased in the HL group compared with the LC group ( P  < 0.05). Among these fatty acids, the concentrations of C15:0 ( P  < 0.01), C17:0 ( P  < 0.01), C17:1 ( P  < 0.01), C18:1n-9c ( P  < 0.05), C18:3n-3r ( P  < 0.01) and C20:0 ( P  < 0.01) were markedly lower in the HL group, and the concentrations of C20:0 ( P  < 0.05) and C18:3n-3r ( P  < 0.01) were lower in the HS group compared with the LC group. However, the concentrations of C18:2n-6c ( P  < 0.05) and C20:4n-6 ( P  < 0.05) in the milk fat were higher in the HS group. Real-time PCR results showed that the mRNA expression of the genes involved in milk fat production in the mammary gland was generally decreased in the HL and HS groups compared with the LC group. Among these genes,  ACSL1 ,  ACSS1  &  2 ,  ACACA ,  FAS ,  SCD ,  FADS2,  and  SREBP1  were down-regulated in the mammary gland of the HL group ( P  < 0.05), and the expressions of  ACSS2 ,  ACACA,  and  FADS2  mRNA were markedly decreased in the HS goats compared with the LC group ( P  < 0.05). In contrast to the gene expression, the level of DNA methylation in the promoter regions of the  ACACA  and  SCD  genes was increased in the HL group compared with the LC group ( P  < 0.05). The levels of ACSL1 protein expression and FAS enzyme activity were also decreased in the mammary gland of the HL compared with the LC group ( P  < 0.05).    Conclusions  Long-term feeding of a HC diet to lactating goats induced milk fat depression and FAs profile shift with lower MUFAs but higher SFAs. A general down-regulation of the gene expression involved in the milk fat production and a higher DNA methylation in the mammary gland may contribute to the decrease in milk fat production in goats fed a HC diet for long time periods.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40104-017-0204-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

journal of animal science and biotechnology/journal of animal science and biotechnology

Negative effects of long-term feeding of high-grain diets to lactating goats on milk fat production and composition by regulating gene expression and DNA methylation in the mammary gland