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This paper presents and emphasizes the essence of inclusion of shear response and shear–flexural interaction in the investigation of reinforced concrete (RC) columns characterized by light and inadequately (substandard) detailed transverse reinforcement. This column type commonly exists in old-constructed RC frame buildings before the regulation of modern seismic codes. A stiffness-based RC frame element with shear–flexure interaction is formulated within the framework of Timoshenko beam kinematics assumption. Linked displacement interpolation functions are employed to remedy the problematic shear-locking phenomenon. The axial and flexural actions are interacted via the fiber-section model while shear-strength deterioration with inelastic flexural deformations is accounted for within the framework of the UCSD shear-strength model. The numerical procedure for shear–flexure interaction is modified from the Mergos–Kappos procedure. The proposed element is simple, computationally efficient and able to describe several salient features of RC columns with substandard detailed transverse reinforcement, including gradual spread inelasticity, shear–flexure coupling effects, and shear-strength deterioration with increasing curvature ductility. Three correlation studies are conducted to examine the model accuracy and its capability to predict the rather complex responses of non-ductile RC columns. Comparison with conventional flexural frame element is also presented to emphasize the essence of inclusion of shear response and shear–flexure interaction.

Nonlinear Frame Element with Shear–Flexure Interaction for Seismic Analysis of Non-Ductile Reinforced Concrete Columns