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BackgroundThe use of existing land use/cover type exerts more pressure on the natural dynamism of the watersheds and hydrology due to continued cultivation and mis-management of land resource. The objectives of this study was to assess the combined effects of land use/cover types and slope gradient on watershed hydrology in terms of sediment and nutrient losses/transport from HRU of each land use/cover types. Integrated soil and water assessment tools (SWAT) model with Arc-GIS was used for simulation of sediment and nutrient loss by using land use/cover, soil, slope and climatic data as input. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for mean comparison and correlation was used for data analysis.ResultCombined effects of urban land and slope gradient produced more sediment than other land use/cover types followed by cultivated land. In cultivated land as slope gradient increased values of sediment and nutrient losses also increased until it reaches to 30% slope and then declined. In Forest and grassland sediment loss increased until 15% slope then after declined, but in urban land as slope gradient increases sediment and nutrient loss are also increased.ConclusionCultivated land and difference in its slope gradient had more significant effect on watershed dynamics and hydrology in terms of loss of fertile top soil from upland, downstream water quality reduction and sedimentation of water structures than others land use/cover types and need to avoid steep slope and continuous cultivation and implementing integrated watershed management strategies in order to keep the natural dynamism of the watersheds.

environmental systems research

Combined effect of land use/cover types and slope gradient in sediment and nutrient losses in Chancho and Sorga sub watersheds, East Wollega Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia