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The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of exogenously applied cadmium on the physiological response of green algae  Chlorella vulgaris . The study investigated the long-term effect (18 days) of cadmium on the levels of algae biomass, assimilation pigment composition, soluble protein, oxidative status (production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion), antioxidant enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase enzyme) in  C. vulgaris . The results showed that growth, the amount of chlorophyll  a  ( Chl a ), chlorophyll  b  ( Chl b ) and carotenoids gradually decreased with increasing cadmium over 18 days exposure. Cadmium at concentration of 7 mg L −1  inhibited algal growth expressed as the number of cells. Our research found that  C. vulgaris  has a high tolerance to cadmium. Contents of chlorophylls ( Chl a  and  Chl b ) and carotenoids (Car) of  C. vulgaris  was significantly decline with rising concentration of cadmium (p < 0.05). The decrease of 54.04 and 93.37 % in  Chl a , 60.65 and 74.32 % in  Chl b , 50.00 and 71.88 % in total carotenoids was noticed following the treatment with 3 and 7 mg L −1  cadmium doses compared with control treatment, respectively. Cadmium treatments caused a significant change in the physiological competence (calculated as chlorophyll  a / b ) which increased with increasing Cd(II) doses up to 1 mg L −1  but decreased at 3 mg L −1 . While accumulation of soluble protein was enhanced by presence of cadmium, the treatment with cadmium at 3 and 7 mg L −1  increased the concentration of soluble proteins by 88, 95.8 % in  C. vulgaris , respectively. Moreover, low doses of cadmium stimulated enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase) in  C. vulgaris , The content of peroxidase increased with the increasing cadmium concentration, and had slightly decreased at the concentration of 7 mg L −1 , but was still higher than control group, which showed that cadmium stress at high concentration mainly peroxidase works in  C .  vulgaris . And therefore, suppressed reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide) accumulated. The present study also showed that cadmium increased oxidative stress and induced antioxidant defense systems against reactive oxygen species. The observation in here analyzed  C. vulgaris  after exposure to cadmium indicate that hydrogen peroxide, superoxide and peroxidase in the alga with exposure to Cd(II) seemed to be parameters as biomarkers for metal-induced oxidative stress.

The effect of cadmium on the growth and antioxidant response for freshwater algae Chlorella vulgaris