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Coal seam gas (CSG) is the extraction of methane gas that is desorbed from the coal seam and brought to the surface using a dewatering and depressurisation process within the saturated coalbed. The extracted water is often referred to as co-produced CSG water. In this study, co-produced water from the coal seam of the Bowen Basin (QLD, Australia) was characterised by high concentration levels of Na +  (1156 mg/L), low concentrations of Ca 2+  (28.3 mg/L) and Mg 2+  (5.6 mg/L), high levels of salinity, which are expected to cause various environmental problems if released to land or waters. The potential treatment of co-produced water using locally sourced natural ion exchange (zeolite) material was assessed. The zeolite material was characterized for elemental composition and crystal structure. Natural, untreated zeolite demonstrated a capacity to adsorb Na +  ions of 16.16 mEq/100 g, while a treated zeolite using NH 4  +  using a 1.0 M ammonium acetate (NH 4 C 2 H 3 O 2 ) solution demonstrated an improved 136 % Na +  capacity value of 38.28 mEq/100 g after 720 min of adsorption time. The theoretical exchange capacity of the natural zeolite was found to be 154 mEq/100 g. Reaction kinetics and diffusion models were used to determine the kinetic and diffusion parameters. Treated zeolite using a NH 4  +  pre-treatment represents an effective treatment to reduce Na +  concentration in coal seam gas co-produced waters, supported by the measured and modelled kinetic rates and capacity.

Novel pre-treatment of zeolite materials for the removal of sodium ions: potential materials for coal seam gas co-produced wastewater