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Purpose  Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) resulting from administration of iodinated contrast media (CM) is the third leading cause of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Deteriorated renal microcirculation plays an important role in CI-AKI. Limb ischemic preconditioning (LIPC), where brief and non-injurious ischemia/reperfusion is applied to a limb prior to the administration of the contrast agent, is emerging as a promising strategy for CI-AKI prevention. However, it is not known whether the renal protection of LIPC against CI-AKI is mediated by regulation of renal microcirculation and the molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown.    Methods  In this study, we examined the renal cortical and medullary blood flow in a stable CI-AKI model using 5/6-nephrectomized (NE) rat. The LIPC and sham procedures were performed prior to the injection of CM. Furthermore, we analyzed renal medulla hypoxia using in vivo labeling of hypoxyprobe. Pharmacological inhibitions and western blotting were used to determine the underlying molecular mechanisms.    Results  In this study, we found LIPC significantly ameliorated CM-induced reduction of medullary blood flow and attenuated CM-induced hypoxia. PI3K inhibitor (wortmannin) treatment blocked the regulation of medullary blood flow and the attenuation of hypoxia of LIPC. Phosphorylation of Akt/eNOS was significantly decreased via wortmannin treatment compared with LIPC. Nitric oxide synthase-inhibitor [Nω-nitro- l -arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)] treatment abolished the above effects and decreased phosphorylation of eNOS, but not Akt.    Conclusions  Collectively, the results demonstrate that LIPC ameliorates CM-induced renal vasocontraction and is mediated by activation of PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway.

Limb ischemic preconditioning ameliorates renal microcirculation through activation of PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway after acute kidney injury