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Background  While decolonization of  Staphylococcus aureus  reduces surgical site infection (SSI) rates following hip and knee arthroplasty, its cost-effectiveness is uncertain. We sought to examine the cost-effectiveness of a decolonization protocol for  Staphylococcus aureus  prior to hip and knee replacement in Alberta compared to standard care – no decolonization.    Methods  Decision analytic models and a probabilistic sensitivity analysis were used for a cost-effectiveness analysis, with the effectiveness of decolonization based on a large published pre- and post- intervention trial. The primary outcomes of the models were infections prevented and health care costs. We modelled the cost-effectiveness of decolonization in a hypothetical cohort of adult patients undergoing hip and knee replacement in Alberta, Canada. Information on the incidence of complex surgical site infections (SSIs), as well as the cost of care for patients with and without SSIs was taken from a provincial infection control database, and health administrative data.    Results  Use of the decolonization bundle was cost saving compared to usual care ($153/person), and resulted in 16 complex  Staphylococcus aureus  SSIs annually as opposed to 32 (with approximately 8000 hip or knee arthroplasties performed). The probabilistic sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the majority (84%) of the time the decolonization bundle was cost saving. The model was robust to one-way sensitivity analyses conducted within plausible ranges. There were small upfront costs associated with using a decolonization protocol, however, this model demonstrated cost savings over one year. In a Markov model that considered the impact of a decolonization bundle over a lifetime as it pertained to the need for subsequent joint replacements and patient quality of life, the bundle still resulted in cost savings ($161/person).    Conclusions  Decolonization for  Staphylococcus aureus  prior to hip and knee replacements resulted in cost savings and fewer SSIs, and should be considered prior to these procedures.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13756-019-0568-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

antimicrobial resistance and infection control

A cost-effectiveness analysis of mupirocin and chlorhexidine gluconate for Staphylococcus aureus decolonization prior to hip and knee arthroplasty in Alberta, Canada compared to standard of care