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Background  Foods with animal origins and particularly milk play a considerable role in transmission of  Helicobacter pylori . The current study was performed to assess phenotypic characters of antibiotic resistance and genotyping pattern of  vacA ,  cagA ,  iceA ,  oipA  and  babA2  alleles amongst the  H. pylori  strains isolated from raw milk.    Methods  Six-hundred and thirty raw milk samples were collected and cultured on Wilkins Chalgren anaerobe media. Antibiotic resistance and genotyping patterns were studied using disk diffusion and PCR, respectively.    Results  Sixty-seven out of 630 (10.63%) raw milk samples were positive for  H. pylori . Ovine raw milk (17.27%) samples had the highest prevalence of  H. pylori , while camel (5.00%) had the lowest.  H. pylori  strains harbored the highest prevalence of resistance against ampicillin (82.08%), tetracycline (76.11%), amoxicillin (74.62%), metronidazole (65.67%) and erythromycin (53.73%). Prevalence of resistance against more than 10 types of antibiotics was 17.91%.  VacA s1a  (83.58%),  m1a  (80.59%),  s2  (77.61%) and  m2  (68.65%),  cagA  (73.13%) and  babA2  (44.77%) were the most commonly detected genotypes. We found that  S1am1a  (56.71%),  s2m1a  (56.71%),  s1 am2  (43.28%) and  s2 m2  (43.28%) were the most commonly detected genotyping pattern. Frequency of  cagA -,  oipA - and  babA2 - genotypes were 26.86%, 62.68% and 55.22%, respectively. We found that S1a/cagA+/iceA1/oipA−/babA2- (28.35%), m1a/cagA+/iceA1/oipA−/babA2- (28.35%) and s2/cagA+/iceA1/oipA−/babA2- (26.86%) were the most commonly detected combined genotyping pattern.    Conclusions  Simultaneous presence of  vacA ,  cagA ,  iceA ,  oipA  and  babA2  genotypes in antibiotic resistant  H. pylori  strains indicates important public health issue regarding the consumption of raw milk. However, additional researches are required to find molecular genetic homology and other epidemiological aspects of  H. pylori  in milk.

antimicrobial resistance and infection control

Phenotypic analysis of antibiotic resistance and genotypic study of the vacA, cagA, iceA, oipA and babA genotypes of the Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from raw milk