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Background  The extent of the occurrence of the plasmid-encoded colistin resistance genes  mcr-1  and  mcr-2  among humans is currently sparsely studied in Western Europe.    Objectives  To determine the occurrence of MCR-producing  Enterobacteriaceae  in fecal samples of healthy humans with high occupational exposure to food and primary care patients in Switzerland.    Methods  Stool samples from 1091 healthy individuals and fecal swabs from 53 primary care patients were screened for polymyxin-resistant  Enterobacteriaceae  using LB agar containing 4 mg/L colistin. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of colistin were determined for non-intrinsic colistin-resistant isolates. Isolates were screened by PCR for the presence of  mcr-1  and  mcr-2  genes.    Results  The fecal carriage rate of colistin resistant (MIC value >2 mg/l)  Enterobacteriaceae  was 1.5% for healthy people and 3.8% for primary care patients. Isolates included  Hafnia alvei  ( n  = 9),  Escherichia coli  ( n  = 3),  Enterobacter cloacae  ( n  = 4),  Klebsiella pneumoniae  ( n  = 1) and  Raoultella ornithinolytica  ( n  = 1). None of the isolates harbored the  mcr-1  or  mcr-2  genes.    Conclusions  There is no evidence for the presence of MCR-producers in the fecal flora of healthy people or primary care patients. Therefore, the risk of transfer of  mcr  genes from animals, food or the environment to humans is likely to be low in Switzerland.

Screening for fecal carriage of MCR-producing Enterobacteriaceae in healthy humans and primary care patients