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Pilot contamination is a major factor that restricts the system performance of time division duplex (TDD) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Reasonable pilot allocation is an effective method to reduce pilot contamination. However, most of the existing pilot allocation methods focus on cells of the same size, a regular shape, an equal number of users per cell, and/or independent fading channels. When they are generalized or modified to actual scenes (in which cells have irregular shapes, users are randomly distributed, and channels are correlated fading channels), they are inflexible and cannot guarantee the target performance requirement. Considering both flexibility of pilot allocation and system performance, this paper introduces the idea of a coalition game into pilot allocation and proposes a pilot allocation scheme based on the coalition game. Different utility functions are analyzed under correlated fading channels; the adjustment principle of coalition structure and the coalition formation algorithm are given. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can be used in any actual scene as well as guarantee the target performance requirement.

Pilot allocation scheme based on coalition game for TDD massive MIMO systems