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Timing and carrier synchronization is a fundamental requirement for anywireless communication system to work properly. Timing synchronization is theprocess by which a receiver node determines the correct instants of time atwhich to sample the incoming signal. Carrier synchronization is the process bywhich a receiver adapts the frequency and phase of its local carrier oscillatorwith those of the received signal. In this paper, we survey the literature overthe last five years (2010-2014) and present a comprehensive literature reviewand classification of the recent research progress in achieving timing andcarrier synchronization in single-input-single-output (SISO),multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO), cooperative relaying, andmultiuser/multicell interference networks. Considering both single-carrier andmulti-carrier communication systems, we survey and categorise the timing andcarrier synchronization techniques proposed for the different communicationsystems focusing on the system model assumptions for synchronization, thesynchronization challenges, and the state-of-the-art synchronization solutionsand their limitations. Finally, we envision some future research directions.

Timing and Carrier Synchronization in Wireless Communication Systems: A Survey and Classification of Research in the Last Five Years