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A ribosome can translate through both the single-stranded region and duplex region of messenger RNA (mRNA). Recent single molecule fluorescence energy transfer (smFRET) data showed that when the ribosome translates through the mRNA containing a downstream stem loop, the ribosomal complex exhibits multiple fluctuations between the classical non-rotated and hybrid states before undergoing translocation in the presence of elongation factor G and GTP (EF-G.GTP) of high concentration; by contrast, when the ribosome translates through the mRNA lacking the stem loop, the complex samples the hybrid state approximately once before undergoing translocation.

Origin of multiple intersubunit rotations before EF-G-catalyzed ribosomal translocation through the mRNA with a downstream secondary structure