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Background  Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) obviously alleviate the damage of the structure and function of pulmonary vascular endothelial cells (VEC). The therapeutic effects of MSC are significantly different between pulmonary ARDS (ARDSp) and extrapulmonary ARDS (ARDSexp). MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as important media of MSC regulating VEC, are not studied between ARDSp and ARDSexp. We aimed to explore the plasma levels difference of miRNAs that regulate VEC function and are associated with MSC ( MSC - VEC -miRNAs) between ARDSp and ARDSexp patients.    Methods   MSC - VEC -miRNAs were obtained through reviewing relevant literatures screened in PubMed database. We enrolled 57 ARDS patients within 24 h of admission to the ICU and then collected blood samples, extracted plasma supernatant. Patients’ clinical data were collected. Then, plasma expression of  MSC - VEC -miRNAs was measured by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Simultaneously, plasma endothelial injury markers VCAM-1, vWF and inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-10 were detected by ELISA method.    Results  Fourteen miRNAs were picked out after screening. A total of 57 ARDS patients were included in this study, among which 43 cases pertained to ARDSp group and 14 cases pertained to ARDSexp group. Plasma miR-221 and miR-27b levels in ARDSexp group exhibited significantly lower than that in ARDSp group (miR-221, 0.22 [0.12–0.49] vs. 0.57 [0.22–1.57],  P  = 0.008, miR-27b, 0.34 [0.10–0.46] vs. 0.60 [0.20–1.46],  P  = 0.025). Plasma vWF concentration in ARDSexp group exhibited significantly lower than that in ARDSp group (0.77 [0.29–1.54] vs. 1.80 [0.95–3.51],  P  = 0.048). Significant positive correlation was found between miR-221 and vWF in plasma levels ( r  = 0.688,  P  = 0.022). Plasma miR-26a and miR-27a levels in non-survival group exhibited significantly lower than that in survival group (miR-26a, 0.17 [0.08–0.20] vs. 0.69 [0.24–2.33]  P  = 0.018, miR-27a, 0.23 [0.16–0.58] vs. 1.45 [0.38–3.63],  P  = 0.021) in ARDSp patients.    Conclusion  Plasma miR-221, miR-27b and vWF levels in ARDSexp group are significantly lower than that in ARDSp group. Plasma miR-26a and miR-27a levels in non-survival group are significantly lower than that in survival group in ARDSp patients.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13613-018-0370-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Plasma microRNAs levels are different between pulmonary and extrapulmonary ARDS patients: a clinical observational study