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Background  Antibiotics are frequently used in intensive care units (ICUs), and their use is associated with the emergence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the emergence of  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  resistance and the duration of antibiotic exposure or mode of administration in an ICU unit.    Methods  A 4-year cohort study of intensive care unit was performed in patients with  P. aeruginosa  isolates from clinical specimens, initially susceptible to the investigated antibiotics (piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, meropenem and amikacin). Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of emergence of resistance were calculated using logistic regression analysis for various exposure periods to antibiotics (1–3, 4–7, 8–15 and >15 days) relative to no exposure with adjustment for age, sex, Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 (SAPS 3) and length of stay. ORs on the emergence of  P. aeruginosa  resistance were also calculated for the various modes of administration.    Results  Included were 187 patients [mean age 61 years, 69% male, mean SAPS 3 score (SD): 59 (12.3)]. None of the antibiotics investigated showed the emergence of resistance within 1–3 days. Significant meropenem resistance emerged within 8–15 days [OR 79.1 (14.9–421.0)] after antibiotic exposure unlike other antibiotics (>15 days). No difference was observed between intermittent and extended administration of meropenem and between beta-lactam mono- or combined therapy.    Conclusions  Use of meropenem was associated with the emergence of resistance as soon as 8 days after exposure to the antibiotic.

annals of intensive care

Emergence of antimicrobial resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the intensive care unit: association with the duration of antibiotic exposure and mode of administration