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Background  Leptin plays a critical role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanism and cross talks between leptin and metabolic pathways leading to metabolic homeostasis across different species are not clear. This study aims to explore the effects of leptin in mice and zebrafish larvae by integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics. Different metabolomic approaches including mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution magic-angle-spinning NMR spectrometry were used to investigate the metabolic changes caused by  leptin  deficiency in mutant  ob/ob  adult mice and  lepb   −/−   zebrafish larvae. For transcriptome studies, deep RNA sequencing was used.    Results  Thirteen metabolites were identified as common biomarkers discriminating  ob/ob  mice and  lepb  −/−  zebrafish larvae from their respective wild type controls: alanine, citrulline, ethanolamine, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, putrescine, serine and threonine. Moreover, we also observed that glucose and lipid levels were increased in  lepb  −/−  zebrafish larvae compared to the  lepb  +/+  group. Deep sequencing showed that many genes involved in proteolysis and arachidonic acid metabolism were dysregulated in  ob/ob  mice heads and  lepb  mutant zebrafish larvae compared to their wild type controls, respectively.    Conclusions   Leptin  deficiency leads to highly similar metabolic alterations in metabolites in both mice and zebrafish larvae. These metabolic changes show similar features as observed during progression of tuberculosis in human patients, mice and zebrafish larvae. In addition, by studying the transcriptome, we found similar changes in gene regulation related to proteolysis and arachidonic acid metabolism in these two different in vivo models.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00642-0.

cell and bioscience

Metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling of adult mice and larval zebrafish leptin mutants reveal a common pattern of changes in metabolites and signaling pathways