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Helicobacter pylori  infection can cause a variety of gastrointestinal diseases. In severe cases, there is a risk of gastric cancer. Antibiotics are often used for clinical treatment of  H. pylori  infections. However, because of antibiotic overuse in recent years and the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, there is an urgent need to develop new treatment methods and drugs to achieve complete eradication of  H. pylori . Endolysins and holins encoded by bacterial viruses (i.e., phages) represent a promising avenue of investigation. These lyase-based antibacterial drugs act on the bacterial cell wall to destroy the bacteria. Currently, a type of endolysin that has been studied more frequently acts on the amide bond between peptidoglycans, and holin is a transmembrane protein that can punch holes in the cell membrane. However, as a Gram-negative bacterium,  H. pylori  possesses a layer of impermeable lipopolysaccharides on the cell wall, which prevents endolysin interaction with the cell wall. Therefore, we designed a genetic linkage between an endolysin enzyme and a holin enzyme with a section of polypeptides (e.g., polycations and hydrophobic peptides) that enable penetration of the outer membrane. These complexes were designated “artilysins” and were efficiently expressed in  Escherichia coli . In vitro bacteriostasis experiments showed that the purified artilysins had strong bacteriostatic effects on  H. pylori . In addition, the surface of  H. pylori  was perforated and destroyed, as confirmed by electron microscopy, which was proved that artilysins had bacteriolytic effect on  H. pylori .   Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13568-021-01222-8.

Engineered endolysin-based “artilysins” for controlling the gram-negative pathogen Helicobacter pylori