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The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic resistance and certain virulence genes of the most predominant bacterial pathogens causing BRD. A total of 225 calves; 55 apparently healthy and 170 diseased; were sampled. Bacteriological examination, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCR based detection of some virulence genes were performed. In addition, the serotyping of  E. coli  was performed using the slide agglutination test. The most predominant bacterial pathogens retrieved from apparently healthy calves were  E. coli  (16.4%) and  S. aureus  (10.9%), and in pneumonic calves were  E. coli  (23.5%),  P. vulgaris  (12.4%) and  S. aureus  (11.8%). The most prevalent virulence gene in  E. coli  was the  fim H gene (100%), followed by  eae A gene (24.5%) and  hly  gene (20.4%). All the examined  S. aureus  strains harbored  spa  and  coa  genes; likewise, all  P. multocida  strains harbored  tox A gene. The majority of the isolated strains displayed remarkable sensitivity to norfloxacin and enrofloxacin; furthermore, the retrieved  E. coli  strains exhibited multidrug-resistance to gentamicin, erythromycin, streptomycin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, in addition, the isolated  S. aureus  and  P. aeruginosa  strains showed multidrug-resistance to amoxicillin, ampicillin and tetracycline.  E. coli  serogroups including O18, O143, O1, and O6 were retrieved from pneumonic calves as the first report in Egypt. In conclusion, the synergism between the conventional and genotypic analysis is an effective gadget for the characterization of bacterial pathogens causing BRD. Continuous surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility is essential to select the drug of choice due to the development of multidrug-resistant strains.

Prevalence, the antibiogram and the frequency of virulence genes of the most predominant bacterial pathogens incriminated in calf pneumonia