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Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) are large genomic regions that contain virulence genes, which aid pathogens in establishing infections. While PAIs in clinical strains (strains isolated from a human infection) are well-studied, less is known about the occurrence of PAIs in strains isolated from the environment. In this study we describe three PAIs found in environmental  Vibrio vulnificus  and  Vibrio parahaemolyticus  strains, as well as a genomic fitness island found in a  Vibrio diabolicus  strain. All four islands had markedly different GC profiles than the rest of the genome, indicating that all of these islands were acquired via lateral gene transfer. Genes on the PAIs and fitness island were characterized. The PAI found in  V. parahaemolyticus  contained the  tdh  gene, a collagenase gene, and genes involved in the type 3 secretion system II (T3SS2). A  V. vulnificus  environmental strain contained two PAIs, a small 25 kbp PAI and a larger 143 kbp PAI. Both PAIs contained virulence genes. Toxin–antitoxin (TA) genes were found in all three species: on the  V. diabolicus  fitness island, and on the  V. parahaemolyticus  and  V. vulnificus  PAIs.

Occurrence and significance of pathogenicity and fitness islands in environmental vibrios