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Biological nitrogen fixation is an important source of bioavailable nitrogen in  Sphagnum  dominated peatlands.  Sphagnum  mosses harbor a diverse microbiome including nitrogen-fixing and methane (CH 4 ) oxidizing bacteria. The inhibitory effect of oxygen on microbial nitrogen fixation is documented for many bacteria. However, the role of nitrogen-fixing methanotrophs in nitrogen supply to  Sphagnum  peat mosses is not well explored. Here, we investigated the role of both oxygen and methane on nitrogen fixation in subarctic  Sphagnum  peat mosses. Five species of  Sphagnum  mosses were sampled from two mesotrophic and three oligotrophic sites within the Lakkasuo peatland in Orivesi, central Finland. Mosses were incubated under either ambient or low oxygen conditions in the presence or absence of methane. Stable isotope activity assays revealed considerable nitrogen-fixing and methane-assimilating rates at all sites (1.4 ± 0.2 µmol  15 N–N 2  g −1  DW day −1  and 12.0 ± 1.1 µmol  13 C–CH 4  g −1  DW day −1 , respectively). Addition of methane did not stimulate incorporation of  15 N-nitrogen into biomass, whereas oxygen depletion increased the activity of the nitrogen-fixing community. Analysis of the 16S rRNA genes at the bacterial community level showed a very diverse microbiome that was dominated by  Alphaproteobacteria  in all sites. Bona fide methane-oxidizing taxa were not very abundant (relative abundance less than 0.1%). Based on our results we conclude that methanotrophs did not contribute significantly to nitrogen fixation in the investigated peatlands.   Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13568-018-0607-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The influence of oxygen and methane on nitrogen fixation in subarctic Sphagnum mosses