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Paratuberculosis is a disease of ruminants caused by  Mycobacterium avium  subsp.  paratuberculosis  ( Map ). Vaccination is the most cost-effective control method. However, despite the fact that macrophages are the main target cells for this pathogen, the precise mechanisms behind the response of the macrophage to  Map  infection and how it is modified by vaccination are yet poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Silirum ®  vaccination in the early immune response of caprine monocyte-derived macrophages (CaMØs). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from vaccinated and non-vaccinated goats, cultured in vitro until differentiation to macrophages and infected with  Map . After a 24 h incubation,  Map  viability and DNA were assessed in culture by viable colony count and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In addition,  Map  phagocytosis and expression of IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17A, IL-1β, iNOS, IL-6 and MIP-1β were also evaluated through immunofluorescence labelling and reverse transcriptase qPCR (RT-qPCR), respectively. A significant reduction of  Map  viability was observed in both supernatants ( P  < 0.05) and CaMØs ( P  < 0.001) from the vaccinated group. Similarly, the percentage of infected CaMØs and the number of internalized  Map  by CaMØs ( P  < 0.0001) was higher in the vaccinated group. Finally, iNOS ( P  < 0.01) and IL-10 were significantly up-regulated in CaMØs from vaccinated goats, whereas only MIP-1β was up-regulated in non-vaccinated animals ( P  < 0.05). These results show that vaccination modifies the immune response of CaMØs, suggesting that the phagocytosis and microbiocidal activity of macrophages against  Map  is enhanced after vaccination.   Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13567-021-00940-y.

veterinary research

Early response of monocyte-derived macrophages from vaccinated and non-vaccinated goats against in vitro infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis