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Iron is essential for most bacteria to survive, but excessive iron leads to damage by the Fenton reaction. Therefore, the concentration of intracellular free iron must be strictly controlled in bacteria.  Riemerella anatipestifer  ( R. anatipestifer ), a Gram-negative bacterium, encodes the iron uptake system. However, the iron homeostasis mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, it was shown that compared with the wild type  R. anatipestifer  CH-1,  R. anatipestifer  CH-1Δ fur  was more sensitive to streptonigrin, and this effect was alleviated when the bacteria were cultured in iron-depleted medium, suggesting that the  fur  mutant led to excess iron accumulation inside cells. Similarly, compared with  R. anatipestifer  CH-1 ∆recA ,  R. anatipestifer  CH-1 ∆recA Δ fur  was more sensitive to H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress when the bacteria were grown in iron-rich medium rather than iron-depleted medium. Accordingly, it was shown that  R. anatipestifer  CH-1 ∆recA Δ fur  produced more intracellular ROS than  R. anatipestifer  CH-1 ∆recA  in iron-rich medium. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that  R. anatipestifer  CH-1 Fur suppressed the transcription of putative iron uptake genes through binding to their promoter regions. Finally, it was shown that compared with the wild type,  R. anatipestifer  CH-1Δ fur  was significantly attenuated in ducklings and that the colonization ability of  R. anatipestifer  CH-1Δ fur  in various tissues or organs was decreased. All these results suggested that Fur is important for iron homeostasis in  R. anatipestifer  and its pathogenic mechanism.   Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13567-021-00919-9.

Functional characterization of Fur in iron metabolism, oxidative stress resistance and virulence of Riemerella anatipestifer