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The impact of cortisol on  Flavobacterium columnare  biofilm formation was explored. Firstly, the dynamics of biofilm formation by one highly (HV) and one low virulent (LV)  F. columnare  isolate with and without the stress hormone cortisol under microfluidic flow conditions was characterized. This to confirm that  F. columnare  cells could form biofilm under cortisol supplementation, and to compare the temporal and structural differences between different treatment groups. One trial revealed that in both isolates cell aggregates resembling biofilms occurred within 7-h post-inoculation. Consequently, cell clusters were sloughed away, followed by a rebuilding of bacterial cell aggregates, suggestive for a high spreading capacity. While the HV isolate revealed cell aggregates formed upstream at all time-points, for the LV isolate this was only seen upon cortisol supplementation. Secondly, the transcriptional effect of genes ( gld K , gld L , gld M,  gld N,  spr A,  spr E,  spr T, and  por V) belonging to the Type IX secretion system involved in gliding motility was investigated in planktonic and biofilm cells of a HV and LV isolate to which no, a low (LD) or high (HD) dose of cortisol was added. Significantly lower expression of gliding genes  gld K,  gld L , gld M and  gld N, and of protein secretion regulator  por V was seen in the LV isolate planktonic cells supplemented with a HD-cortisol. The LV isolate biofilm cells treated with the HD-cortisol showed a significant upregulation of  spr T, encoding mobile surface adhesion important in bacterial colonization. This is the first evidence for the co-regulatory effect of cortisol on biofilm formation and  F. columnare  gliding gene expression.   Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13567-019-0641-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Evidence that the stress hormone cortisol regulates biofilm formation differently among Flavobacterium columnare isolates