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Background  Partial-volume effects generally result in an underestimation of tumor tracer uptake on PET-CT for small lesions, necessitating partial-volume correction (PVC) for accurate quantification. However, investigation of PVC in dynamic oncological PET studies to date is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate PVC’s impact on tumor kinetic parameter estimation from dynamic PET-CT acquisitions and subsequent validation of simplified semi-quantitative metrics. Ten patients with EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer underwent dynamic  18 F-fluorothymidine PET-CT before, 7 days after, and 28 days after commencing treatment with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Parametric PVC was applied using iterative deconvolution without and with highly constrained backprojection (HYPR) denoising, respectively. Using an image-derived input function with venous parent plasma calibration, we estimated full kinetic parameters  V  T ,  K  1 , and  k  3 / k  4  (BP ND ) using a reversible two-tissue compartment model, and simplified metrics (SUV and tumor-to-blood ratio) at 50–60 min post-injection.    Results  PVC had a non-linear effect on measured activity concentrations per timeframe. PVC significantly changed each kinetic parameter, with a median increase in V T  of 11.8% (up to 25.1%) and 10.8% (up to 21.7%) without and with HYPR, respectively. Relative changes in kinetic parameter estimates vs. simplified metrics after applying PVC were poorly correlated (correlations 0.36–0.62;  p  < 0.01). PVC increased correlations between simplified metrics and V T  from 0.82 and 0.81 ( p  < 0.01) to 0.90 and 0.88 ( p  < 0.01) for SUV and TBR, respectively, albeit non-significantly. PVC also increased correlations between treatment-induced changes in simplified metrics vs. V T  at 7 (SUV) and 28 (SUV and TBR) days after treatment start non-significantly. Delineation on partial-volume corrected PET images resulted in a median decrease in metabolic tumor volume of 14.3% (IQR − 22.1 to − 7.5%), and increased the effect of PVC on kinetic parameter estimates.    Conclusion  PVC has a significant impact on tumor kinetic parameter estimation from dynamic PET-CT data, which differs from its effect on simplified metrics. However, it affected validation of these simplified metrics both as single measurements and as biomarkers of treatment response only to a small extent. Future dynamic PET studies should preferably incorporate PVC.    Trial registration  Dutch Trial Register,  NTR3557 .    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13550-019-0483-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Partial-volume correction in dynamic PET-CT: effect on tumor kinetic parameter estimation and validation of simplified metrics