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Background  The 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is an important target for assessing neuroimmune function in brain with positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging. The goal of this work was to assess two [ 11 C]PBR28 imaging paradigms for measuring dynamic microglia changes in  Macaca mulatta .    Methods  Dynamic [ 11 C]PBR28 PET imaging data with arterial blood sampling were acquired to quantify TSPO levels as [ 11 C]PBR28  V   T . Scans were acquired at three timepoints: baseline, immediately post-drug, and prolonged post-drug.    Results  In one animal ,  a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor kinase inhibitor, previously shown to deplete brain microglia, reduced [ 11 C]PBR28  V   T  in brain by 46 ± 3% from baseline, which recovered after 12 days to 7 ± 5% from baseline. In a different animal ,  acute lipopolysaccharide administration, shown to activate brain microglia, increased [ 11 C]PBR28  V   T  in brain by 39 ± 9% from baseline, which recovered after 14 days to −11 ± 3% from baseline.    Conclusions  These studies provide preliminary evidence of complementary paradigms to assess microglia dynamics via in vivo TSPO imaging.

Microglial depletion and activation: A [11C]PBR28 PET study in nonhuman primates