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Background  Red blood cells (RBCs) labeled with single-photon emitters have been clinically used for blood-pool imaging. Although some PET tracers have been introduced for blood-pool imaging, they have not yet been widely used. The present study investigated the feasibility of labeling RBCs with  18 F-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose ( 18 F-FDG) for blood-pool imaging with PET.  RBCs isolated from venous blood of rats were washed with glucose-free phosphate-buffered saline and labeled with  18 F-FDG. To optimize labeling efficiency, the effects of glucose deprivation time and incubation (labeling) time with  18 F-FDG were investigated. Post-labeling stability was assessed by calculating the release fraction of radioactivity and identifying the chemical forms of  18 F in the released and intracellular components of  18 F-FDG-labeled RBCs incubated in plasma. Just after intravenous injection of the optimized autologous  18 F-FDG-labeled RBCs, dynamic PET scans were performed to evaluate in vivo imaging in normal rats and intraabdominal bleeding models (temporary and persistent bleeding).    Results  The optimal durations of glucose deprivation and incubation (labeling) with  18 F-FDG were 60 and 30 min, respectively. As low as 10% of  18 F was released as the form of  18 F-FDG from  18 F-FDG-labeled RBCs after a 60-min incubation. Dynamic PET images of normal rats showed strong persistence in the cardiovascular system for at least 120 min. In the intraabdominal bleeding models,  18 F-FDG-labeled RBC PET visualized the extravascular blood clearly and revealed the dynamic changes of the extravascular radioactivity in the temporary and persistent bleeding.    Conclusions  RBCs can be effectively labeled with  18 F-FDG and used for blood-pool imaging with PET in rats.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-017-0266-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

18F-FDG-labeled red blood cell PET for blood-pool imaging: preclinical evaluation in rats