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Background  Intratumoral hypoxia is one of the resistant factors in radiotherapy and chemotherapy for cancer. Although it is detected by  18 F-fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) PET, the relationship between intratumoral hypoxia and oxygen metabolism has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intratumoral perfusion and oxygen metabolism in hypoxic regions using the rat xenograft model. Ten male Fischer rats with C6 glioma (body weight = 220 ± 15 g) were investigated with  18 F-FMISO PET and steady-state inhalation method of  15 O-labelled gases PET. The tumoral blood flow (TBF), tumoral metabolic rate of oxygen (TMRO 2 ), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), and tumoral blood volume (TBV) were measured under artificial ventilation with  15 O–CO 2 ,  15 O–O 2 , and  15 O–CO gases. Multiple volumes of interest (1-mm diameter sphere) were placed on the co-registered  18 F-FMISO (3 h post injection) and functional  15 O-labelled gases PET images. The TBF, TMRO 2 , OEF, and TBV values were compared among the three groups classified by the  18 F-FMISO uptake as follows: group Low (L), less than 1.0; group Medium (M), between 1.0 and 2.0; and group High (H), more than 2.0 in the  18 F-FMISO standardized uptake value (SUV).    Results  There were moderate negative correlations between  18 F-FMISO SUV and TBF ( r  = −0.56 and  p  < 0.01), and weak negative correlations between  18 F-FMISO SUV and TMRO 2  ( r  = −0.38 and  p  < 0.01) and  18 F-FMISO SUV and TBV ( r  = −0.38 and  p  < 0.01). Quantitative values were as follows: TBF, (L) 55 ± 30, (M) 32 ± 17, and (H) 30 ± 15 mL/100 mL/min; OEF, (L) 33 ± 14, (M) 36 ± 17, and (H) 41 ± 16%; TMRO 2 , (L) 2.8 ± 1.3, (M) 1.9 ± 1.0, and (H) 2.1 ± 1.1 mL/100 mL/min; and TBV, (L) 5.7 ± 2.1, (M) 4.3 ± 1.9, and (H) 3.9 ± 1.2 mL/100 mL, respectively. Intratumoral hypoxic regions (M and H) showed significantly lower TBF, TMRO 2 , and TBV values than non-hypoxic regions (L). OEF showed significant increase in the severe hypoxic region compared to non-hypoxic and mild hypoxic regions.    Conclusions  This study demonstrated that intratumoral hypoxic regions showed decreased blood flow with increased oxygen extraction, suggesting the need for a treatment strategy to normalize the blood flow for oxygen-avid active tumor cells in hypoxic regions.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-017-0263-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Quantitative evaluation of oxygen metabolism in the intratumoral hypoxia: 18F-fluoromisonidazole and 15O-labelled gases inhalation PET