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Background  The targeting of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is of particular interest for radiotheragnostic purposes of prostate cancer. Radiolabeled PSMA-617, a 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- N , N′ , N′′ , N′′′ -tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-functionalized PSMA ligand, revealed favorable kinetics with high tumor uptake, enabling its successful application for PET imaging ( 68 Ga) and radionuclide therapy ( 177 Lu) in the clinics. In this study, PSMA-617 was labeled with cyclotron-produced  44 Sc ( T   1/2  = 4.04 h) and investigated preclinically for its use as a diagnostic match to  177 Lu-PSMA-617.    Results    44 Sc was produced at the research cyclotron at PSI by irradiation of enriched  44 Ca targets, followed by chromatographic separation.  44 Sc-PSMA-617 was prepared under standard labeling conditions at elevated temperature resulting in a radiochemical purity of >97% at a specific activity of up to 10 MBq/nmol.  44 Sc-PSMA-617 was evaluated in vitro and compared to the  177 Lu- and  68 Ga-labeled match, as well as  68 Ga-PSMA-11 using PSMA-positive PC-3 PIP and PSMA-negative PC-3 flu prostate cancer cells. In these experiments it revealed similar in vitro properties to that of  177 Lu- and  68 Ga-labeled PSMA-617. Moreover,  44 Sc-PSMA-617 bound specifically to PSMA-expressing PC-3 PIP tumor cells, while unspecific binding to PC-3 flu cells was not observed. The radioligands were investigated with regard to their in vivo properties in PC-3 PIP/flu tumor-bearing mice.  44 Sc-PSMA-617 showed high tumor uptake and a fast renal excretion. The overall tissue distribution of  44 Sc-PSMA-617 resembled that of  177 Lu-PSMA-617 most closely, while the  68 Ga-labeled ligands, in particular  68 Ga-PSMA-11, showed different distribution kinetics.  44 Sc-PSMA-617 enabled distinct visualization of PC-3 PIP tumor xenografts shortly after injection, with increasing tumor-to-background contrast over time while unspecific uptake in the PC-3 flu tumors was not observed.    Conclusions  The in vitro characteristics and in vivo kinetics of  44 Sc-PSMA-617 were more similar to  177 Lu-PSMA-617 than to  68 Ga-PSMA-617 and 68Ga-PSMA-11. Due to the almost four-fold longer half-life of  44 Sc as compared to  68 Ga, a centralized production of  44 Sc-PSMA-617 and transport to satellite PET centers would be feasible. These features make  44 Sc-PSMA-617 particularly appealing for clinical application.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-017-0257-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

44Sc-PSMA-617 for radiotheragnostics in tandem with 177Lu-PSMA-617—preclinical investigations in comparison with 68Ga-PSMA-11 and 68Ga-PSMA-617