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Background  Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is frequently overexpressed and upregulated in prostate cancer. To date, various  18 F- and  68 Ga-labeled urea-based radiotracers for PET imaging of PSMA have been developed and entered clinical trials. Here, we describe an automated synthesis of [ 18 F]DCFPyL via direct radiofluorination and validation in preclinical models of prostate cancer.    Methods  [ 18 F]DCFPyL was synthesized via direct nucleophilic heteroaromatic substitution reaction in a single reactor TRACERlab FX FN  automated synthesis unit. Radiopharmacological evaluation of [ 18 F]DCFPyL involved internalization experiments, dynamic PET imaging in LNCaP (PSMA+) and PC3 (PSMA−) tumor-bearing BALB/c nude mice, biodistribution studies, and metabolic profiling. In addition, reversible two-tissue compartmental model analysis was used to quantify pharmacokinetics of [ 18 F]DCFPyL in LNCaP and PC3 tumor models.    Results  Automated radiosynthesis afforded radiotracer [ 18 F]DCFPyL in decay-corrected radiochemical yields of 23 ± 5 % ( n  = 10) within 55 min, including HPLC purification. Dynamic PET analysis revealed rapid and high uptake of radioactivity (SUV 5min  0.95) in LNCaP tumors which increased over time (SUV 60min  1.1). Radioactivity uptake in LNCaP tumors was blocked in the presence of nonradioactive DCFPyL (SUV 60min  0.22). The muscle as reference tissue showed rapid and continuous clearance over time (SUV 60min  0.06). Fast blood clearance of radioactivity resulted in tumor-blood ratios of 1.0 after 10 min and 8.3 after 60 min. PC3 tumors also showed continuous clearance of radioactivity over time (SUV 60min  0.11). Kinetic analysis of PET data revealed the two-tissue compartmental model as best fit with  K  1  = 0.12,  k  2  = 0.18,  k  3  = 0.08, and  k  4  = 0.004 min −1 , confirming molecular trapping of [ 18 F]DCFPyL in PSMA+ LNCaP cells.    Conclusions  [ 18 F]DCFPyL can be prepared for clinical applications simply and in good radiochemical yields via a direct radiofluorination synthesis route in a single reactor automated synthesis unit. Radiopharmacological evaluation of [ 18 F]DCFPyL confirmed high PSMA-mediated tumor uptake combined with superior clearance parameters. Compartmental model analysis points to a two-step molecular trapping mechanism based on PSMA binding and subsequent internalization leading to retention of radioactivity in PSMA+ LNCaP tumors.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-016-0195-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Automated synthesis of [18F]DCFPyL via direct radiofluorination and validation in preclinical prostate cancer models