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Background  Nucleoside analogs labeled with positrons, such as  11 C and  18 F, are considered valuable in visualizing the proliferative activity of tumor cells in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET). We recently developed the  11 C-labeled thymidine analogs [ 11 C]zidovudine ([ 11 C]AZT) and [ 11 C]stavudine ([ 11 C]d4T) via the Pd(0)-Cu(I) co-mediated rapid C–C coupling reaction. In this study, to examine whether [ 11 C]AZT and [ 11 C]d4T might be useful for visualization of tumors in vivo, we performed PET imaging, tissue distribution studies, and metabolite analysis in tumor-bearing mice.    Methods  Mice bearing tumors (rat glioma C6 and human cervical adenocarcinoma HeLa cells) were injected with 50 MBq of [ 11 C]AZT or [ 11 C]d4T, and PET was performed immediately thereafter. After PET imaging, the radioactivity in several tissues, including tumor tissues, was measured using a γ-counter. In addition, radioactive metabolites in plasma, bile, intestinal contents, and tumor were analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Cellular uptake of [ 11 C]AZT in C6 was measured in the presence or absence of non-labeled thymidine (0.1 mM).    Results  In PET studies, C6 and HeLa tumors in mice were clearly visualized using [ 11 C]AZT. Time-activity curves using [ 11 C]AZT showed that the accumulation of radioactivity in tumors plateaued at 10 min after injection and persisted for 60 min, while most of the radioactivity in other tissues was rapidly excreted into the urine. In various tissues of the body, tumor tissue showed the highest radioactivity at 80 min after injection (five to six times higher uptake than that of blood). Compared with tumor tissue, uptake was lower in other proliferative tissues such as the spleen, intestine, and bone marrow, resulting in a high tumor-to-bone marrow ratio. Cellular uptake of [ 11 C]AZT in C6 cells was completely blocked by the application of thymidine, strongly indicating the specific involvement of nucleoside transporters. In contrast, the time-activity curve of [ 11 C]d4T in the tumor showed transient and rapid excretion with almost no obvious tumor tissue accumulation.    Conclusions  Tumors can be detected by PET using [ 11 C]AZT; therefore, [ 11 C]AZT could be useful as a novel PET tracer for tumor imaging in vivo.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-015-0124-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A novel 11C-labeled thymidine analog, [11C]AZT, for tumor imaging by positron emission tomography