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Background  The utility of  18  F-FDG and  11 C-PBR28 to identify aortic wall inflammation associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) development was assessed.    Methods  Utilizing the porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) perfusion model, abdominal aortas of male Sprague-Dawley rats were infused with active PPE (APPE, AAA; N = 24) or heat-inactivated PPE (IPPE, controls; N = 16). Aortic diameter increases were monitored by ultrasound (US). Three, 7, and 14 days after induction, APPE and IPPE rats were imaged using  18  F-FDG microPET (approximately 37 MBq IV) and compared with  18  F-FDG autoradiography (approximately 185 MBq IV) performed at day 14. A subset of APPE (N = 5) and IPPE (N = 6) animals were imaged with both  11 C-PBR28 (approximately 19 MBq IV) and subsequent  18  F-FDG (approximately 37 MBq IV) microPET on the same day 14 days post PPE exposure. In addition, autoradiography of the retroperitoneal torso was performed after  11 C-PBR28 (approximately 1,480 MBq IV) or  18  F-FDG (approximately 185 MBq IV) administration at 14 days post PPE exposure. Aortic wall-to-muscle ratios (AMRs) were determined for microPET and autoradiography. CD68 and translocator protein (TSPO) immunohistochemistry (IHC), as well as TSPO gene expression assays, were performed for validation.    Results  Mean 3 (p = 0.009), 7 (p &lt; 0.0001) and 14 (p &lt; 0.0001) days aortic diameter increases were significantly greater for APPE AAAs compared to IPPE controls. No significant differences in  18  F-FDG AMR were determined at days 3 and 7 post PPE exposure; however, at day 14, the mean  18  F-FDG AMR was significantly elevated in APPE AAAs compared to IPPE controls on both microPET (p = 0.0002) and autoradiography (p = 0.02). Similarly, mean  11 C-PBR28 AMR was significantly increased at day 14 in APPE AAAs compared to IPPE controls on both microPET (p = 0.04) and autoradiography (p = 0.02). For APPE AAAs, inhomogeneously increased  18  F-FDG and  11 C-PBR28 uptake was noted preferentially at the anterolateral aspect of the AAA. Compared to controls, APPE AAAs demonstrated significantly increased macrophage cell counts by CD68 IHC (p = 0.001) as well as increased TSPO staining (p = 0.004). Mean TSPO gene expression for APPE AAAs was also significantly elevated compared to IPPE controls (p = 0.0002).    Conclusion  Rat AAA wall inflammation can be visualized using  18  F-FDG and  11 C-PBR28 microPET revealing regional differences of radiotracer uptake on microPET and autoradiography. These results support further investigation of  18  F-FDG and  11 C-PBR28 in the noninvasive assessment of human AAA development.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-014-0020-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Utility of 18 F-FDG and 11C-PBR28 microPET for the assessment of rat aortic aneurysm inflammation