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Background  Critical illness myopathy (CIM) is associated with severe skeletal muscle wasting and impaired function in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The mechanisms underlying CIM remain incompletely understood. To elucidate the biological activities occurring at the transcriptional level in the skeletal muscle of ICU patients with CIM, the gene expression profiles, potential upstream regulators, and enrichment pathways were characterized using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). We also compared the skeletal muscle gene signatures in ICU patients with CIM and genes perturbed by mechanical loading in one leg of the ICU patients, with an aim of reducing the loss of muscle function.    Methods  RNA-seq was used to assess gene expression changes in tibialis anterior skeletal muscle samples from seven critically ill, immobilized, and mechanically ventilated ICU patients with CIM and matched control subjects. We also examined skeletal muscle gene expression for both legs of six ICU patients with CIM, where one leg was mechanically loaded for 10 h/day for an average of 9 days.    Results  In total, 6257 of 17,221 detected genes were differentially expressed (84% upregulated;  p  < 0.05 and fold change ≥ 1.5) in skeletal muscle from ICU patients with CIM when compared to control subjects. The differentially expressed genes were highly associated with gene changes identified in patients with myopathy, sepsis, long-term inactivity, polymyositis, tumor, and repeat exercise resistance. Upstream regulator analysis revealed that the CIM signature could be a result of the activation of MYOD1, p38 MAPK, or treatment with dexamethasone. Passive mechanical loading only reversed expression of 0.74% of the affected genes (46 of 6257 genes).    Conclusions  RNA-seq analysis revealed that the marked muscle atrophy and weakness observed in ICU patients with CIM were associated with the altered expression of genes involved in muscle contraction, newly identified E3 ligases, autophagy and calpain systems, apoptosis, and chaperone expression. In addition, MYOD1, p38 MAPK, and dexamethasone were identified as potential upstream regulators of skeletal muscle gene expression in ICU patients with CIM. Mechanical loading only marginally affected the skeletal muscle transcriptome profiling of ICU patients diagnosed with CIM.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13395-019-0194-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

skeletal muscle

RNA-sequencing reveals altered skeletal muscle contraction, E3 ligases, autophagy, apoptosis, and chaperone expression in patients with critical illness myopathy